There is also a correlation between viscosity and molecular shape. Identify the cohesive forces in the motor oil. How does polarity difference affect intermolecular forces when two different chemicals interact to form a solution? Surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity are unique properties of liquids that depend on the nature of intermolecular interactions. The oil will have a convex meniscus similar to that of mercury.

The viscosity of a liquid is its resistance to flow.

Viscosity is expressed in units of the poise (mPa•s); the higher the number, the higher the viscosity. This effect is due to the increased number of hydrogen bonds that can form between hydroxyl groups in adjacent molecules, resulting in dramatically stronger intermolecular attractive forces. For example, water, with its strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding, has one of the highest surface tension values of any liquid, whereas low-boiling-point organic molecules, which have relatively weak intermolecular forces, have much lower surface tensions. The oil in an automobile engine must effectively lubricate under a wide range of conditions, from subzero starting temperatures to the 200°C that oil can reach in an engine in the heat of the Mojave Desert in August. Why do intermolecular forces tend to attract?

It results when cohesive forces, the intermolecular forces in the liquid, are weaker than adhesive forces, the attraction between a liquid and the surface of the capillary. What intermolecular forces are present in #CO_2#? The answer lies in a property called surface tension, which depends on intermolecular forces. Surfactants are molecules, such as soaps and detergents, that reduce the surface tension of polar liquids like water. Liquids with high viscosity, like honey, are commonly called “thick.”. Intermolecular Forces: forces between molecules. Adding soaps and detergents that disrupt the intermolecular attractions between adjacent water molecules can reduce the surface tension of water. To describe the unique properties of liquids. The cohesive forces responsible for its high boiling point are almost solely London dispersion forces between the hydrocarbon chains. In this diagram, the solid connections are chemical bonds and the dashed connections are intermolecular forces. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The surfactants reduce the surface tension of water below that of fuel, so the fluorinated solution is able to spread across the burning surface and extinguish the fire.

Legal. Viscosity (η) is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity are unique properties of liquids that depend on the nature of intermolecular interactions.

Higher the intermolecular forces between the liquid particles, harder it is for it to escape into the vapor phase, ie., you need more energy to convert it from liquid to the vapor phase, in other words, higher its boiling point. London Dispersion Forces: happens in simple hydrocarbons and other non-polar molecules; momentary charge differences cause momentary attractions. The shape of the meniscus, the upper surface of a liquid in a tube, also reflects the balance between adhesive and cohesive forces. These properties are achieved by a careful blend of additives that modulate the intermolecular interactions in the oil, thereby controlling the temperature dependence of the viscosity. Consequently, most modern oils are multigrade, with designations such as SAE 20W/50 (a grade used in high-performance sports cars), in which case the oil has the viscosity of an SAE 20 oil at subzero temperatures (hence the W for winter) and the viscosity of an SAE 50 oil at high temperatures. What other factors affect viscosity? B Such a liquid cannot form strong interactions with the polar Si–OH groups of glass, so the surface of the oil inside the capillary will be lower than the level of the liquid in the beaker.

What will be the shape of the meniscus (convex or concave)? A typical molecule in the interior of the droplet is surrounded by other molecules that exert attractive forces from all directions. Note the correlation between the surface tension of a liquid and the strength of the intermolecular forces: the stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the surface tension. Let's take honey as an example. Intermolecular forces are like the glue, only instead of holding a lamp together, intermolecular forces hold molecules together. Water has both strong adhesion to glass, which contains polar SiOH groups, and strong intermolecular cohesion. Based on the nature and strength of the intermolecular cohesive forces and the probable nature of the liquid–glass adhesive forces, predict what will happen when a glass capillary is put into a beaker of SAE 20 motor oil. Because of the strong adhesive forces, nutrients can be transported from the roots to the tops of trees that are more than 50 m tall.

What other factors affect viscosity? When filling a glass with water, the glass can be overfilled so that the level of the liquid actually extends above the rim. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. The meniscus will be concave. Weaker than chemical bonds. Cohesion is the attraction in a molecule of liquid to each other due to intermolecular forces. A Motor oil is a nonpolar liquid consisting largely of hydrocarbon chains. Will the ethylene glycol be pulled up into the tube by capillary action or pushed down below the surface of the liquid in the beaker? The longer the molecules, the easier it is for them to become “tangled” with one another, making it more difficult for them to move past one another. See all questions in How Intermolecular Forces Affect Phases of Matter. Mercury is an apparent anomaly, but its very high surface tension is due to the presence of strong metallic bonding.

What intermolecular forces are present in #NH_3#? Viscosity: resistance to flow. Viscocity is a liquid resistance to flowing. Cohesion is the attraction in a molecule of liquid to each other due to intermolecular forces. The smaller the diameter, the higher the liquid rises. What intermolecular forces are present in #CH_3OH#? Because a liquid can flow only if the molecules can move past one another with minimal resistance, strong intermolecular attractive forces make it more difficult for molecules to move with respect to one another. Fluids and nutrients are transported up the stems of plants or the trunks of trees by capillary action. Viscosity is proportional to the strength of intermolecular forces holding molecules together. Typically much stronger than intermolecular forces. The viscosity of motor oils is described by an SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) rating ranging from SAE 5 to SAE 50 for engine oils: the lower the number, the lower the viscosity (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)). Due to a combination of these two effects, long-chain hydrocarbons (such as motor oils) are highly viscous. How do intermolecular forces affect solvation? A dirty car is covered with a mixture of substances, some of which are polar. Motor oils and other lubricants demonstrate the practical importance of controlling viscosity. In contrast, a molecule on the surface experiences a net attraction toward the drop because there are no molecules on the outside to balance the forces exerted by adjacent molecules in the interior. Plants contain tiny rigid tubes composed of cellulose, to which water has strong adhesion. Surface tension is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit amount and varies greatly from liquid to liquid based on the nature of the intermolecular forces, e.g., water with hydrogen bonds has a surface tension of 7.29 x 10-2 J/m2 (at 20°C), while mercury with metallic bonds has as surface tension that is 15 times higher: 4.86 x 10-1 J/m2 (at 20°C). Cohesive forces bind molecules of the same type together, Adhesive forces bind a substance to a surface. As a result, an oil that is thin enough to be a good lubricant in a cold engine will become too “thin” (have too low a viscosity) to be effective at high temperatures.

Intermolecular forces also cause a phenomenon called capillary action, which is the tendency of a polar liquid to rise against gravity into a small-diameter tube (a capillary), as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\). What intermolecular forces are present in #CH_3F#? 9434 views The height to which the water rises depends on the diameter of the tube and the temperature of the water but not on the angle at which the tube enters the water. Determine whether the forces interact with the surface of glass. 11.4: Intermolecular Forces in Action- Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Capillary Action, 11.3: Intermolecular Forces- The Forces that Hold Condensed Phases Together. Many insects take advantage of this property to walk on the surface of puddles or ponds without sinking. •Viscosity (the resistance of a liquid to flow) increases. The higher the viscosity, the slower the liquid flows through the tube and the steel balls fall. Enroll in one of our FREE online STEM summer camps. The viscosities of some representative liquids are listed in Table 11.3.1 and show a correlation between viscosity and intermolecular forces. Predict what will happen when a glass capillary is put into a beaker of ethylene glycol. Bigger molecules have stronger London Dispersion Forces. Although you have been introduced to some of the interactions that hold molecules together in a liquid, we have not yet discussed the consequences of those interactions for the bulk properties of liquids. When dealing with a solid solute and a liquid solvent, the solute dissolves when the molecules of both are similar enough in polarity. Free LibreFest conference on November 4-6! If, however, the cohesive forces are stronger than the adhesive forces, as is the case for mercury and glass, the liquid pulls itself down into the capillary below the surface of the bulk liquid to minimize contact with the glass (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). Capillary action is the phenomenon in which liquids rise up into a narrow tube called a capillary. The upper surface of a liquid in a tube is called the meniscus, and the shape of the meniscus depends on the relative strengths of the cohesive and adhesive forces. The moisture is absorbed by the entire fabric, not just the layer in contact with your body. The bonds in honey are hydrogen and oxygen form hydrogen bonding, which are one of the strongest bonds, and this causes strong cohesion forces between them and it causes the flow of honey to be slow/viscous.

For ideal gases, viscosity depends only on temperature. This maximizes the number of attractive interactions and minimizes the number of water molecules at the surface.

In the 1960s, US Navy researchers developed a method of fighting fires aboard aircraft carriers using “foams,” which are aqueous solutions of fluorinated surfactants. Cotton towels are also made of cellulose; they absorb water because the tiny tubes act like capillaries and “wick” the water away from your skin. Chemical Bonds: forces within molecules. Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces tend to have high viscosities. Surface tension is therefore measured as energy per unit area, such as joules per square meter (J/m2) or dyne per centimeter (dyn/cm), where 1 dyn = 1 × 10−5 N. The values of the surface tension of some representative liquids are listed in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). Because they affect the surface properties of a liquid, soaps and detergents are called surface-active agents, or surfactants. Will the oil be pulled up into the tube by capillary action or pushed down below the surface of the liquid in the beaker? The stronger the intermolecular interactions, the greater the surface tension. Others, such as motor oil, molasses, and maple syrup, flow very slowly and have a high viscosity.

Some liquids, such as gasoline, ethanol, and water, flow very readily and hence have a low viscosity.



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